SELECT 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id, 
  MIN(
    IF(
      cscart_product_prices.percentage_discount = 0, 
      cscart_product_prices.price, 
      cscart_product_prices.price - (
        cscart_product_prices.price * cscart_product_prices.percentage_discount
      )/ 100
    )
  ) AS price 
FROM 
  cscart_product_prices 
WHERE 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id IN (
    591, 592, 623, 686, 601, 663, 621, 636, 
    635, 589, 590, 605, 662, 622, 610, 594, 
    597, 596, 606, 608, 611, 631, 628, 618
  ) 
  AND cscart_product_prices.lower_limit = 1 
  AND cscart_product_prices.usergroup_id IN (0, 1) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id

Query time 0.00050

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "61.81"
    },
    "grouping_operation": {
      "using_filesort": false,
      "table": {
        "table_name": "cscart_product_prices",
        "access_type": "range",
        "possible_keys": [
          "usergroup",
          "product_id",
          "lower_limit",
          "usergroup_id"
        ],
        "key": "product_id",
        "used_key_parts": [
          "product_id"
        ],
        "key_length": "3",
        "rows_examined_per_scan": 27,
        "rows_produced_per_join": 5,
        "filtered": "19.62",
        "index_condition": "(`danishecarter_latest`.`cscart_product_prices`.`product_id` in (591,592,623,686,601,663,621,636,635,589,590,605,662,622,610,594,597,596,606,608,611,631,628,618))",
        "cost_info": {
          "read_cost": "60.75",
          "eval_cost": "1.06",
          "prefix_cost": "61.81",
          "data_read_per_join": "169"
        },
        "used_columns": [
          "product_id",
          "price",
          "percentage_discount",
          "lower_limit",
          "usergroup_id"
        ],
        "attached_condition": "((`danishecarter_latest`.`cscart_product_prices`.`lower_limit` = 1) and (`danishecarter_latest`.`cscart_product_prices`.`usergroup_id` in (0,1)))"
      }
    }
  }
}