SELECT 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id, 
  MIN(
    IF(
      cscart_product_prices.percentage_discount = 0, 
      cscart_product_prices.price, 
      cscart_product_prices.price - (
        cscart_product_prices.price * cscart_product_prices.percentage_discount
      )/ 100
    )
  ) AS price 
FROM 
  cscart_product_prices 
WHERE 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id IN (
    12, 17, 148, 180, 187, 232, 230, 231, 18, 
    16, 4, 5, 23, 24, 170, 1, 22, 149, 227, 
    78, 79, 190, 189, 162, 159, 158, 245, 
    238, 239, 242, 243, 241, 240, 214, 217, 
    218, 207, 59, 58, 60, 199, 198, 94, 96, 
    201, 114, 192, 136, 130, 128, 126, 131, 
    177, 186, 185, 179, 11, 172, 134, 135, 
    195, 233, 168, 167, 169, 42, 39, 40, 205, 
    37, 152, 160, 74, 73, 71, 75, 72, 108, 
    237, 191, 235, 70, 122, 115, 156, 90, 
    175, 196, 43, 104, 76, 129, 127, 121, 
    103, 95
  ) 
  AND cscart_product_prices.lower_limit = 1 
  AND cscart_product_prices.usergroup_id IN (0, 1) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id

Query time 0.00125

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "269.31"
    },
    "grouping_operation": {
      "using_temporary_table": true,
      "using_filesort": true,
      "cost_info": {
        "sort_cost": "192.00"
      },
      "table": {
        "table_name": "cscart_product_prices",
        "access_type": "ALL",
        "possible_keys": [
          "usergroup",
          "product_id",
          "lower_limit",
          "usergroup_id"
        ],
        "rows_examined_per_scan": 368,
        "rows_produced_per_join": 191,
        "filtered": "52.17",
        "cost_info": {
          "read_cost": "38.91",
          "eval_cost": "38.40",
          "prefix_cost": "77.31",
          "data_read_per_join": "4K"
        },
        "used_columns": [
          "product_id",
          "price",
          "percentage_discount",
          "lower_limit",
          "usergroup_id"
        ],
        "attached_condition": "((`danishecarter_latest`.`cscart_product_prices`.`lower_limit` = 1) and (`danishecarter_latest`.`cscart_product_prices`.`product_id` in (12,17,148,180,187,232,230,231,18,16,4,5,23,24,170,1,22,149,227,78,79,190,189,162,159,158,245,238,239,242,243,241,240,214,217,218,207,59,58,60,199,198,94,96,201,114,192,136,130,128,126,131,177,186,185,179,11,172,134,135,195,233,168,167,169,42,39,40,205,37,152,160,74,73,71,75,72,108,237,191,235,70,122,115,156,90,175,196,43,104,76,129,127,121,103,95)) and (`danishecarter_latest`.`cscart_product_prices`.`usergroup_id` in (0,1)))"
      }
    }
  }
}