SELECT 
  category_id, 
  parent_id 
FROM 
  cscart_categories 
WHERE 
  parent_id IN(
    323, 330, 321, 166, 224, 223, 179, 177
  ) 
  AND category_id != 264

Query time 0.00046

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "23.26"
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_categories",
      "access_type": "ALL",
      "possible_keys": [
        "PRIMARY",
        "parent",
        "p_category_id"
      ],
      "rows_examined_per_scan": 98,
      "rows_produced_per_join": 31,
      "filtered": "32.65",
      "cost_info": {
        "read_cost": "16.86",
        "eval_cost": "6.40",
        "prefix_cost": "23.26",
        "data_read_per_join": "107K"
      },
      "used_columns": [
        "category_id",
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "attached_condition": "((`danishecarter_25_march`.`cscart_categories`.`parent_id` in (323,330,321,166,224,223,179,177)) and (`danishecarter_25_march`.`cscart_categories`.`category_id` <> 264))"
    }
  }
}