SELECT 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id, 
  MIN(
    IF(
      cscart_product_prices.percentage_discount = 0, 
      cscart_product_prices.price, 
      cscart_product_prices.price - (
        cscart_product_prices.price * cscart_product_prices.percentage_discount
      )/ 100
    )
  ) AS price 
FROM 
  cscart_product_prices 
WHERE 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id IN (
    148, 180, 18, 16, 4, 5, 23, 24, 1, 22, 149, 
    190, 189, 245, 238, 239, 242, 243, 59, 
    58, 60, 172, 134, 135
  ) 
  AND cscart_product_prices.lower_limit = 1 
  AND cscart_product_prices.usergroup_id IN (0, 1) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id

Query time 0.00072

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "59.80"
    },
    "grouping_operation": {
      "using_temporary_table": true,
      "using_filesort": true,
      "table": {
        "table_name": "cscart_product_prices",
        "access_type": "ref",
        "possible_keys": [
          "usergroup",
          "product_id",
          "lower_limit",
          "usergroup_id"
        ],
        "key": "lower_limit",
        "used_key_parts": [
          "lower_limit"
        ],
        "key_length": "3",
        "ref": [
          "const"
        ],
        "rows_examined_per_scan": 254,
        "rows_produced_per_join": 5,
        "filtered": "1.98",
        "index_condition": "(`danishecarter_25_march`.`cscart_product_prices`.`lower_limit` <=> 1)",
        "cost_info": {
          "read_cost": "9.00",
          "eval_cost": "1.01",
          "prefix_cost": "59.80",
          "data_read_per_join": "120"
        },
        "used_columns": [
          "product_id",
          "price",
          "percentage_discount",
          "lower_limit",
          "usergroup_id"
        ],
        "attached_condition": "((`danishecarter_25_march`.`cscart_product_prices`.`product_id` in (148,180,18,16,4,5,23,24,1,22,149,190,189,245,238,239,242,243,59,58,60,172,134,135)) and (`danishecarter_25_march`.`cscart_product_prices`.`usergroup_id` in (0,1)))"
      }
    }
  }
}