SELECT 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id, 
  MIN(
    IF(
      cscart_product_prices.percentage_discount = 0, 
      cscart_product_prices.price, 
      cscart_product_prices.price - (
        cscart_product_prices.price * cscart_product_prices.percentage_discount
      )/ 100
    )
  ) AS price 
FROM 
  cscart_product_prices 
WHERE 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id IN (
    48, 54, 44, 194, 137, 153, 164, 236, 234, 
    150, 151, 178, 181, 248, 65, 64, 63, 62, 
    66, 140, 141, 144, 143, 142
  ) 
  AND cscart_product_prices.lower_limit = 1 
  AND cscart_product_prices.usergroup_id IN (0, 1) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id

Query time 0.00052

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "60.41"
    },
    "grouping_operation": {
      "using_filesort": false,
      "table": {
        "table_name": "cscart_product_prices",
        "access_type": "range",
        "possible_keys": [
          "usergroup",
          "product_id",
          "lower_limit",
          "usergroup_id"
        ],
        "key": "product_id",
        "used_key_parts": [
          "product_id"
        ],
        "key_length": "3",
        "rows_examined_per_scan": 26,
        "rows_produced_per_join": 4,
        "filtered": "19.13",
        "index_condition": "(`danishecarter_21_apr`.`cscart_product_prices`.`product_id` in (48,54,44,194,137,153,164,236,234,150,151,178,181,248,65,64,63,62,66,140,141,144,143,142))",
        "cost_info": {
          "read_cost": "59.42",
          "eval_cost": "0.99",
          "prefix_cost": "60.41",
          "data_read_per_join": "119"
        },
        "used_columns": [
          "product_id",
          "price",
          "percentage_discount",
          "lower_limit",
          "usergroup_id"
        ],
        "attached_condition": "((`danishecarter_21_apr`.`cscart_product_prices`.`lower_limit` = 1) and (`danishecarter_21_apr`.`cscart_product_prices`.`usergroup_id` in (0,1)))"
      }
    }
  }
}